Mu myaka 40 ishize, Martin Evans uzahabwa igihembo cyitiriwe Nobel yashyize ahagaragara ubushakashatsi bwe ku ngirangingo z'imbeba ndetse n'ubushobozi bwabo bwo kuvura [1]. Ubushakashatsi bwe bwahinduye biomedicine, kuko yatekerezaga ejo hazaza, aho ingirangingo zose zangiritse zishobora gusimburwa nizindi nshya, zikurira muri vitro kuva